this very assignment has two questions please

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QUESTION 1

Every cognitive capacity that we discover is going to be older and more widespread than we initially thought” (page 93). Do you think this is true of every cognitive capacity we discover? Why or why not? What would be the significance of a cognitive capacity that does not satisfy De Waal’s “cognitive ripple rule”?

You will cite all sources to which you refer in your post according to APA guidelines (Links to an external site.)

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QUESTION 2

Please answer the questions below. Your answers should be given in essay form.

There are no specific, quantitative requirements for the length of your responses. Some questions will not require lengthy answers; others will be truly challenging and will require a few hundred words’ worth of writing. The best way of thinking about how you will answer the question sets is to write as if you are trying to convince me that you are an expert on the matter (which, if you take all of this advice seriously, you will be!)


1. Briefly describe in your own words one line of evidence for R-US associations, S-R associations, and S-(R-US) associations. (15 points)

2. Give a brief explanation of the differences between molar and molecular theories of reinforcement. Provide an example of data supporting each. (10 points)

3. Recall De Waal’s harsh criticism of the use of food or water deprivation as motivators in studies of animal learning (from, e.g., chapter 2 of Are We Smart Enough To Know How Smart Animals Are?); how would one use dual-system theories of motivation to rebut De Waal’s criticism? (12 points)

4. Is it possible for classically a conditioned association to make the “jump” to serving as a CS in an instrumental learning scenario? Why or why not? (3 points)

5. Although Köhler’s study with Sultan the chimpanzee has been considered a landmark in the field of animal cognition and a key finding in support of the idea of insight in non-human primates, there are some problems with that study and its interpretation. What are they? (8 points)


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